Church during the Middle Ages

• clergy a body of officials who perform religious services - such as priests, ministers, or rabbis

• sacrament one of the Christian ceremonies in which God's grace is transmitted to people.

• canon law the body of laws governing the religious practices of a Christian church

• Holy Roman Empire an empire established in Europe in the 10th century A.D., originally consisting of mainly lands of what is now Germany and Italy.

• lay investiture the appointment of religious officials by kings or nobles.

2. Which of the events were power struggles between the Church and rulers? Explain.

In 1075, the lay investiture was banned. In 1077, King Henry IV journeyed to Canossa. In 1122, the Concordat at Worms was compromised on lay investiture. In 1176, the Battle of Legnano took place. All were power struggles because the duties and privileges of Church and state were continuously changing during this time.

3. What were some of the matters covered by canon law?

Marriage and religious practices were some of the matters covered by the canon law.

4. How did Otto the Great make the crown stronger than the German nobles?

Otto the Great followed the practices of Charlemagne by gaining the support of church officials and formed a close alliance with the church and sought help from clergy.


5. Why did lay investiture cause a struggle between kings and popes?
The lay investiture disagreed over who had the power to appoint church officials.

1. Otto invades Italy on pope's behalf- 
Causes- Following Charlemagne's footsteps

Outcomes- Otto was rewarded by being crowned emperor

2. Pope Gregory bans lay investiture

Causes- The Church began to resent the control the kings had over the clergy, and the Church reformers felt that bishops shouldn't be under the power of the king.

Outcomes- Henry IV was excommunicated, German bishops sided with the pope.

3. Henry IV travels to Canossa

Causes- He tried to win the Pope's forgiveness

Outcomes- Henry waited in the snow for three days, he was re-communicated, and the pope gained even greater victory by humiliating him

4. Representatives of Church and emperor meet in Worms

Causes- Gregory & Henry's successors fought over lay investiture until 1122

Outcomes- Compromise, the Concordat of Worms

5. Lombard League fights Battle of Legnano
Causes- Holy Roman Empire slaughtered Italian merchants, angering the Church

Outcomes- Church led alliance/ army defeats the Holy Roman Empire

B
Holy: crowned by the pope
Roman: heirs to the emperors of ancient Rome
Empire: defeated and ruled other people