• three-field system A system of farming developed in medieval Europe, in which farmland was divided into three fields of equal size and each of these was successively planted with a winter crop, planted wit a spring crop, and left unplanted.
• guild A medieval association of people working at the same occupation, which controlled its members' wages and prices.
• Commercial Revolution The expansion of trade and business that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries.
• burgher A medieval merchant-class town dweller.
• vernacular The everyday language of people in a region or country.
• Thomas Aquinas A scholar who argued that the most basic religious truths could be proved by logical argument. He wrote the Summa Theological, which was influenced by Aristotle, combined Ancient Greek thought with the Christian thought of his time.
• scholastics Scholars who gathered and taught at medieval European universities.
3. How did guilds influence business practices in medieval towns?
4. How we're Muslim scholars linked to the revival of learning in Europe?
5. In what ways did burghers expand their freedom from landlords?
• guild A medieval association of people working at the same occupation, which controlled its members' wages and prices.
• Commercial Revolution The expansion of trade and business that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries.
• burgher A medieval merchant-class town dweller.
• vernacular The everyday language of people in a region or country.
• Thomas Aquinas A scholar who argued that the most basic religious truths could be proved by logical argument. He wrote the Summa Theological, which was influenced by Aristotle, combined Ancient Greek thought with the Christian thought of his time.
• scholastics Scholars who gathered and taught at medieval European universities.
2. How did medieval society change between 1000 and 1500? Describe the major changes that occurred during the 500 year period. *Minimum one paragraph response.
Agriculture, trade, and finance made significant advances. Towns and cities grew. Cultural interaction with the Muslim and Byzantine worlds increased the growth of learning and the birth of universities.
3. How did guilds influence business practices in medieval towns?
They controlled the number of goods being traded and to kept prices up. they provided security in trading and reduced losses. Guilds set standards for utility of work, wages, and working conditions.
4. How we're Muslim scholars linked to the revival of learning in Europe?
Christian scholars from Europe began visiting Muslim libraries in Spain. Books began to be translated into Latin for people in Europe to read.
5. In what ways did burghers expand their freedom from landlords?
They organized themselves and demanded privileges. These included freedom from certain kinds of tolls and the right to govern the town. They sometimes took theses rights by force.
Reading Guide
1. horses gradually replaced oxen for plowing and for pulling wagons
2. Food production, including sources of vegetable protein, increased resulting in an increase of population.
3. Guilds became powerful sources in medeieval society.
4. more goods were available, new trades routes opened, banking becomes an important business
5. towns grew and flourished
6. People moved to towns to pursue the economic and social opportunities they offered.
7. These writers brought literature to many people, since most people could not read or understand latin
8. Universities, or groups of scholars and students, arose in Western Europe
9. Europeans acquired a huge new body of knowledge
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